Marriage and courtship patterns in essays

Marriage and courtship patterns in essays The basis of a Chinese citizens importance is highly based on that individuals marriage situation. To be married and to have born male children is often the most important thing to a man besides his land or career. Without marriage a man is often looked down upon by society. On that note, a woman is looked upon as a whore if she is not wed, but has little or no say in her marriage and some times neither does a man. A mans father usually chooses a wife for his son unless his son goes to find one himself. The amount of wealth you have helps decide what kind of a woman you are going to wed. In many situations poorer men married slaves of Great Houses or the daughters of poorer families. If a family had more money then they usually wed daughters of families that had more money. Those that lived in a Great House usually didnt marry because there were many slaves in the House that were used to serve the lords. Once the wife was chose the father must go to the keeper of the woman, whether it is her father or owner, and ask for permission. If given permission the father and son must prepare a dowry for the future wife (9). After receiving the dowry the two will be wed when both guardians feel they are of the right age. When the day of the wedding comes the man will prepare himself for his wife (5). He will clean himself up and then if he has not already done so he will go buy food for a feast (11) that is hosted by the groom for his relatives and neighbors. The groom will then travel to his wifes parents or guardians house to take her back to his own house (13). After the wedding is over the goal in the marriage is merely to have children. Most of the time the two that are wed do not love each other, instead they have a common respect for one another to have children. If a male was born the woman was thought of as a good wife (38), if a female or a slave was born then the wife was looked down upon (65). ...

Brokered Convention - Definition

Brokered Convention - Definition A brokered convention occurs when none of the presidential candidates enters their party’s national convention having won enough delegates during the primaries and caucuses to secure the nomination. As a result, none of the candidates are able to win the nomination on the first ballot, a rare event in modern political history that forces delegates and party elite to engage in convention-floor jockeying for votes and multiple rounds of balloting to reach a nomination. A brokered convention is different from an â€Å"open convention,† in which none of the delegates are pledged to a particular candidate. Pledged delegates are those that are assigned to a specific candidate based on the outcome of a states primary or caucus. In the 2016 Republican presidential contest, 1,237 delegates are needed to secure the nomination. Brokered Convention History Brokered conventions have become rare since the 1800s and early 1900s. In fact, no presidential nomination has gone beyond the first round of balloting since 1952. Since then presumed presidential nominees secure enough delegates for the nomination months before the party conventions. Nomination conventions of the past were lively and unscripted, where party bosses negotiated for votes on the floor. Those in the modern era have become humdrum and anticlimactic, as the nominee has already been chosen through the lengthy primary and caucus process. According to the late New York Times columnist William Safire, writing in Safire’s Political Dictionary, brokered conventions of the past were â€Å"dominated by factional party leaders and favorite sons, who dealt directly or through ‘neutral leaders’† or power brokers. â€Å"As the state primary or caucus system has taken over, the outcome has become rarely in doubt,† according to Safire. â€Å" †¦ The convention then becomes more of a coronation, much like what usually happens when an incumbent president is a candidate for renomination.† Why Brokered Conventions Are Rare One of the most significant developments of the 20th century helped to make brokered conventions a rarity: television. Delegates and party bosses did want to expose viewers to the ugly machinations and brutal horse-trading of the nomination process. â€Å"It is no coincidence that brokered conventions ended after networks began to televise them,† political scientists G. Terry Madonna and Michael Young wrote in 2007. The 1952 Republican National Convention, though settled on the first ballot when Dwight Eisenhower beat Robert Taft, â€Å"appalled thousands who watched it on TV. Since that time, both parties try mightily to orchestrate their convention as a political love feast - lest they antagonize viewers who will be voters in November,† according to Madonna and Young. Most Recent Republican Brokered Conventions For Republicans, the most recent brokered convention was in 1948, which also happened to be the first televised national convention. The top contenders were New York Gov.  Thomas Dewey, U.S. Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio, and former Minnesota Gov. Harold Stassen. Dewey failed to win enough votes to win the nomination in the first round of balloting, getting 434 votes to Tafts 224 and Stassens 157. Dewey inched closer in the second round with 515 votes, but his opponents tried to create a bloc of votes against him. They failed, and on the third ballot, both Taft and Stassen withdrew from the contest, giving Dewey all 1,094 delegate votes. He later lost to Harry S. Truman. Republicans came close to having another brokered convention in 1976, when President Gerald Ford only narrowly won the nomination over Ronald Reagan on the first ballot. Most Recent Democratic Brokered Conventions For Democrats, the most recent brokered convention was in 1952, when Illinois Gov. Adlai Stevenson won the nomination in three rounds of balloting. His closest rivals were U.S. Sen. Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee and U.S. Sen. Richard B. Russell of Georgia. Stevenson went on to lose the general election that year to Eisenhower. Democrats came close to having another brokered convention, though, in 1984, when Vice President Walter Mondale needed the votes of super delegates to beat Gary Hart at the convention. Longest Brokered Convention The most ballots cast in a brokered convention was in 1924, when it took 103 rounds of voting for Democrats to nominate John Davis, according to Madonna and Young. He later lost the presidential contest to Calvin Coolidge.

Managing Change - L.J Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Change - L.J - Essay Example Hayes explains that the major objective of change is to bring about a sustained efficiency in resource usage in achieving company objectives. Much of Hayes views of managing change are little more than an application of common sense and good management practice. He further states that if managers take a systematic approach to implement change, they can be more successful in taking colleagues with them and achieving their objectives. He identifies four factors for success when implementing change within one organization, which are: The senior management in an organization must demonstrate the need for change so as the line managers and junior employees can emulate. Commitment to change is very essential and must also be demonstrated by the top managers. Hayes feels that for this change to succeed and achieve the desired goals management should be consistent with what they aspire to achieve that is "they should walk and talk" but if the top leadership is not consistent with ideas, those who are supposed to implement the change will not be motivated. Since leadership is getting others to do what you want them to do because they want to do it. Pressure for change should be a driving force, the leadership must identify the need for change, make the decisions to proceed with change and... Hayes believes that for success in managing change regardless of where the original pressure for change came from, senior management commitment and drive for change is essential if momentum is to be maintained for effective implementation. The rest of the organization will need to be convinced of the need and the case for change. Everyone in an organization including the chairman, chief executive officer and other employees must be collectively behind the sought changes in the organization. The senior management must be seen to be fully supportive by what they do and say both privately and publicly. If, However, senior management "talk-the-talk" by failing to back up their statements with action and continuous commitment. Hayes believes that the progress towards the sought change will soon stall. In addition if the senior management fails to remain fully supportive of the project other conflicting or new priorities will emerge and the momentums can be lost. The senior management should be signed up to the change and communicate it to the other staff. The other staff should be given an opportunity to feed in their contribution and feel that they have joint ownership of the change being implemented. A Clear Shared Vision For change to be effective, it needs to be implemented at all levels and should be in the culture of the organization. The management must understand what motivates other employees in order to keep them together and motivated. Since change is a major cause of stress amongst the workforce and staff usually responds differently they need to be motivated to support the changes that are to be implemented. Staff, their managers and senior mangers are all

Effects of Media on Fear of Crime, Perception and Reality Essay

Effects of Media on Fear of Crime, Perception and Reality - Essay Example The main part of fear of crime is the scope of emotions that is roused in people by the chance of oppression. While usual measures of concern about crime repeatedly prove between 35 percent and 55 percent of the residents of England show some type of apprehension about becoming a victim, surveys tell that a considerable number of individuals in fact worry for their personal wellbeing on a daily basis. Contrary to usual perception, this level of fear has reduced since 1990s according to British Crime Surveys from 40% to 27% in 2003 in the United Kingdom. As a result, one can differentiate between fear and broader apprehension. Nonetheless, it should come under notice that a number of individuals might be keener to disclose their uncertainties and vulnerabilities as compared to others. Hearing about happenings; identifying others who have been persecuted - these are thought to increase insights of the risk of oppression. This has been explained as a ‘crime multiplier’, or procedures functioning within the inhabited atmosphere that would reach the impacts of illegal happenings. â€Å"Such proof exists that hearing of friends’ or neighbours’ victimisation increases anxiety that indirect experiences of crime may play a stronger role in anxieties about victimisation than direct experience†. Nonetheless, there is an advisory note: several inhabitants of a locality merely know of offence indirectly by means of channels that may ‘inflate’, ‘deflate’, or distort the actual picture.... Nonetheless, it should come under notice that a number of individuals might be keener to disclose their uncertainties and vulnerabilities as compared to others. Hearing about happenings; identifying others who have been persecuted - these are thought to increase insights of the risk of oppression (Flatley et al, pp. 1-220, 2010). This has been explained as a ‘crime multiplier’, or procedures functioning within the inhabited atmosphere that would reach the impacts of illegal happenings. â€Å"Such proof exists that hearing of friends’ or neighbours’ victimisation increases anxiety that indirect experiences of crime may play a stronger role in anxieties about victimisation than direct experience† (McCluskey & Hooper, p. 173, 2001). Nonetheless, there is an advisory note: several inhabitants of a locality merely know of offence indirectly by means of channels that may ‘inflate’, ‘deflate’, or distort the actual picture.’ Public views of the threat of crime are as well shaped strongly by mass media reporting. People pick up from media as well as interpersonal contact spreading representations of the criminal happening - the perpetrators, injured parties, cause, and signs of significant, irrepressible, and sensational crimes. The concept of stimulus likeness may be significant: if the reader of a newspaper categorizes with the portrayed victim, or feels that their personal neighbourhood has similarity to the one explained, then the image of threat may be taken up, individualised and interpreted into personal security concerns. In addition, reports have indicated differences in perceptions of fear based on the type of newspapers read by locals in the United Kingdom (Simmons & Dodd, pp. 1-189, 2003). In a recent study, â€Å"subjects

TKAM Racism Essay Essay Example for Free

TKAM Racism Essay Essay â€Å"I have a dream that one day, little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls.† – Martin Luther King Jr., 1963. Racism is one of the world’s major issues today. Many people are not aware of how racism affects our schools, jobs, and social networks. Justice is determined fairly; justice can be biased, all races are treated equally; all races are not treated equally, society provides for equality; society creates equality. Justice is determined fairly; justice can be biased. Justice is determined fairly means no matter what race the person is. Justice will be served not based on the race, sin color, etc. Justice can be biased means that person race, skin color, eye color, etc. will affect the outcome of the situation either positively or negatively. In the book, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† Tom Robinson is accused of the raping a white girl, Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell, the father, really just beat her and put the blame on Robinson because before the beating occurred, Robinson was here, helping Mayella. In the courtroom, the judge and jury members all were white. Of course, they were biased towards Robinson, because he is black. They found him guilty of raping Mayella, even though there were clears signs that bob Ewell beat Mayella. The only reason Robinson was thrown in prison was because the white jury members were being prejudice. Just because of his skin color, they found guilty. It wouldn’t be biased if only the jury were not all white people. If it were people of all race and nationality, then the verdict decided would be a little bit more fairly. Justice would have been served much more equally. Boo Radley from the book, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† is another person who had faced never having justice until saving Jem and Scout. Boo has been locked in a basement and has faced emotional abuse from Mr. Radley and Nathan Radley. Boo had never done anything. Mr. Radley got boo locked up by saying that he was killing everybody and nobody has ever seen him since. People have made up ridiculous stories and descriptions of boo, even when they do not even know him or his story. They described him having yellow and rotten teeth and that he ate squirrels with his raw hands. Everyone assumed that he was nasty, veil and scary. But when Jem and Scout were rescued by Boo, things changed. Justice was made by the accomplishment Boo had done, not by the rumors heard. If the rumors were not made in the first place, people would not have doubted Boo. All races are treated equally; all races are not treated equally. All races are treated equally means that each race is treated as equal as the next; There is no top and bottom race. Every race is treated with the same amount of respect. All races are not treated equally means that there is always going to be at least one face that is not treated fairly as another. Not all races get the same treatment every race will always be looked at differently from one another. In the movie, â€Å"Every Other,† Charles M. Byrd explained that black in the day, Europeans have promoted political agenda of the slave trade. Political agenda basically means to promote one face over another. The Europeans were saying that they were better than African people and that Is the reason why they are slaves; Them promoting political agenda influenced others to do the same. It also promoted people to buy slaves. Africans being slaves were already enough, but to promote political agenda had crossed the line. Obviously, this shows that all faces are definitely not treated equally. If there were no slaves at all, in the first place, then races would have been treated more equally than they were then, and now. Political agenda was promoted only because of Europeans. All races are treated unequally because of people thinking they are better than others. Police officers are more likely to pull over black people. In the movie, Susan Graham discussed with her mixed son about â€Å"Driving While Black.† â€Å"Driving While Black† came from African Americans complaining about police officers pulling them over or no reason; just because they are black. One example said in the movie was if an officer sees a black man dressed as a bum, driving a nice car, the officer will think that he stole it, and pull him over. That is racial profiling. Racial profiling is a type of discrimination, basically blaming person for breaking the law, based on their race or cultural background as the reason. In the case, it is treating black people unfairly by assuming they had done something illegal because of their skin color. What is amazing is that only black people get his kind of treatment. Only black people are getting treated unequally in this case, and also others. Just because of their skin color, police automatically think they have don e something bad. Having being treated equally, cops would not stop a black person driving. Society provides for equality; society creates inequalities. Society provides for equality means that society treats every race equally and that society allows for every race to be equal. It also means that society provides everything for races to stay equal. Society creates inequalities simply means society is not fair to all the races. Some races get the special treatment from society, and others do not. Society creates all the drama between races. In the article, it says that some groups are assigned to perpetual low status, whole others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth. The reason to that is because society gives the privilege, power, and wealth to that certain race. A race cannot just get all that for no reason. Society is the one who will pick and chooses at who will get special treatment. Usually, the skin color will affect that decision. To exemplify, white people are usually the ones to get better opportunities and treatment than the back people. Society causes all the problems and tension between races. Drama is also caused by society between races; comparing and contrasting which race is better. That gives others reasons to discriminate against a certain race, giving one access to privilege, power, and wealth. If society had not compared and contrasted who was better, then no certain race would be assigned to perpetual low status. No certain race would be granted access to privilege, power and wealth. Society judges people for everything they may have, such as race, hair color, or skin color. Unequal populations of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans are because of society. The slave trade has made society look more into the differences between the three races. Society was basically saying that African Americans were slaves because they are so much more different from Europeans and Native Americans; because of their dark skin and frizzy, kinky hair. Society is the one who set the race up for discrimination. By pointing out their major differences, they have influenced Europeans and Native Americans to think they are better than African Americans and that they are the only ones to receive all the privilege, power, and wealth. And that African Americans was the group to perpetual low status. Society created that inequality for African Americans. Society had caused the inequality for black people and others also too because by discriminating and disrespectfully those of the African descent. All races are actually not treated equally, society creates the inequalities, and justice can be biased. People are judged every day, everywhere by their race, skin color, eye color, etc. Racism is a major issue and not many people know it. Society takes a huge part in racism. Racism can be stopped, only if people would realize that everybody was born equally.

Changes in Frank and Ritas Relationship :: Educating Rita Relationships Plays Essays

Changes in Frank and Rita's Relationship Referring closely to Scenes 6 & 7 in Act 2, discuss the changes seen in Frank and Rita's relationship. In this essay I will be referring closely to Scenes 6 & 7 in Act 2. I will be discussing the changes in Frank’s and Rita’s relationship, and comparing their relationship â€Å"now† as to what it used to be in the beginning of the play. Rita & Frank are the two main or, only characters in the play. This is a powerful and smart way to let the audience or reader to get to know our two characters, their feelings, emotions and thoughts. The audience can see and tell the difference in the characters social status straight away. Frank is a professor in a university, teaching English literature – in his late forties. He is an alcoholic – loves to drink, he has a girlfriend, but this relationship that he’s in is going like all others; failure. He is the type of person that drinks in order to forget his troubles and worries – drink makes him happy, even though it is killing him and his relationship just as well as his career: â€Å"Yes, I probably shall go to the pub afterwards. I shall need to go to the pub afterwards. I shall need to wash away the memory of some silly woman’s attempts to get into the mind of Henry James or whoever it is we’re supposed to study on this course†¦Oh God, why did I take this on? †¦Yes I suppose I did take it on to pay for the drink† This is a conversation that Frank has with his girlfriend over the phone, it immediately goes to prove that he doesn’t really care about his career and the only thing that is on his mind is alcohol. Rita on the other hand is a twenty-six year old, working class woman who wants to get an education, and by doing that she believes that she is going to â€Å"discover† herself. She is in a relationship; she’s been living with her partner for six years. She also wants to learn how to speak â€Å"proper† English. In the beginning of the play Rita and Frank are getting to know each other, and they have nothing more than a â€Å"teacher-student† relationship, although throughout the play we can see that they get to know each other better, and they gain more respect for each other. Everything starts to change when Rita goes off to summer school. When she comes back from summer school Frank is surprised by her appearance

Elizabeth Gaskell Essay

After Helen died things didn’t get much better. The farm workers started to look down upon him and ‘hardy waited till my father’s back was turned rated the stepson’, even his own brother looks down upon him unintentionally ‘I sometimes repeated the disparaging words I heard†¦ Without fully understanding their meaning’. This makes us feel a lot of sympathy towards Gregory and we feel sorry for him. There seems to be a close link between Gregory life and his Mother life. No matter what happens, they try to make the best of things and get on with it. Preston maintains and feeds his hatred of Gregory instead of repressing it; he ‘cherished his feeling of alienation’ he had from Gregory. He lived the save type of life as her, one of suffering and one full of sorrow, death seems like a better place for him he is along side the one and only person who loved him. Preston holds a grudge on Gregory right from the very start. But we must admire Gregory for not begrudging him or any other person who treats him badly even if they have just been nasty to him, he would ‘do a kind turn for anyone, even if they had been scolding him’. He is parallel to his mother. This helps us to warm to him as a character. Gregory is stoical and endures things with uncomplaining patience which’s helps us to admire him. Gaskell creates a character that speaks highly of Gregory. Nearly every one of the farm workers has a bad thing to say about him apart from old Adam. Gregory is sent out onto the hills as a Shepard with along with Adam who trains him. Adam is the only person apart from Gregory’s mother who has not got a bad word to say about him, but indeed praises him. This is likely to the fact that Adam was ‘almost the first person who had a good opinion of Gregory’ and even told this to his boss, Preston. Later in the story when the narrator goes missing, Gregory goes out in the thick snow to look for his half brother risking in his own life and not even thinking about it. This also seems parallel to Helen who had done similar for Gregory by putting Gregory first and looking out for him without even thinking about it. When Gregory manages to find the narrator, Gaskell makes us feel even more admiration for him. In the freezing snow, he gives his brother the Maud (woollen shawl) that he is wearing so that the narrator can stay just a little bit warmer. This makes us warm to Gregory, because of the fact he is suffering for the sake of his brother. Gaskell evokes admiration from the readers, Gregory died for his brother, and someone he barely knew and did not even complain about it. Gaskell creates a character that many of the readers may take a disliking to and manages to get ambivalent responses from the readers. Preston is described as being ‘an old bachelor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ long past forty’ and ‘one of the wealthiest farmers thereabouts†. Helen agrees to marry him solely on that the fact that he ‘promised to take good charge of her boy, and let him want for nothing, neither in way of keep nor in education’. This almost seems a purely business agreement. He uses Gregory as an excuse in order to marry Helen. Gaskell makes our response to Preston more complex than any other of the characters; she manages to get a complicated reaction to Preston through a short story. With the other main characters, it is obvious how Gaskell is trying to portray them but it is not obvious in Prestons case. We are suspicious of him at the start. At the start of â€Å"The Half Brothers† Preston is made out to be a horrible man, but by the end of the story our feelings have softened against him. He is very impatient, he does not wait for Helen to love him ‘Perhaps love would have come in time’. Preston begrudges Gregory as child for the attention he receives from Helen. He is jealous of him, and cannot stand Helen loving Gregory more than him. Preston is dehumanised. He does not love Gregory at all, but hates him. But later on we see that Preston is humanised, ‘glad and proud his son was born’. He becomes ‘sorry for his poor wife’s state’, but still blames it on Gregory and holds him responsible for Helens death even though it is his own fault for arguing with her. After Helens death Preston honours the agreement for which they were married under, to look after Gregory. But he makes no attempt to love him, only to give him material things that money can buy, nothing emotional. Even Preston is hurting Gregory’s dog, just because it belongs to Gregory, he has a real dislike to anything that Gregory owns or anything to do with. Even Preston’s own son thinks he is to hard on Gregory ‘I believe that my father cherished his feeling of alienation to my brother as a duty, than strove to repress it’ But towards the end of â€Å"The Half brothers† Gaskell makes us feel differently towards him. There is a sense of deep regret from Preston on his deathbed about the way that he treated Gregory throughout his life â€Å"God forgive me my hardness of heart towards the fatherless child! † After his death he knows that Helen loved Gregory more and so as a sign of repentance had ‘desired that he might lie at the foot of the grave, in which, by his desire, poor Gregory had been laid with our mother. ‘ Preston is very grateful and thankful to Gregory for saving his sons life â€Å"I would have given him half my land†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I would have blessed him as my son†. He even tries to be kind to the dog, but it won’t let him near it. Gaskell is very good at creating and holding suspense for long periods of time through the story. At the start of the story, just after Helen’s husband dies suspense starts to build up as we become worried about Helen’s future and continues to hold the suspense until she marries Preston. When the narrators gets lost, the fact that ‘night came on quicker’ makes us feel unnerved that night is overtaking him and that he may get stuck there all night. An eerie atmosphere is created which intensifies the suspense even further ‘some wild boggy moor†¦ ‘ Tautology is used to emphasis how dark it and adds to the suspense ‘noiseless expansion of black darkness’. Gaskell’s use of language also helps to create suspense. ‘Suddenly the air was filled†¦ ‘, suddenly is placed at the beginning of the sentence to show how quickly and unexpectedly the snow fell. We start to become worried for the narrator and the suspense is built up even further by the emotional language used ‘I shouted – terrible, wild shouts for bare life’ and ‘choked with tears†¦ desolate, helpless death I was to die’ – shows how extreme the situation is, how isolated and lonely the narrator must have felt. The narrator starts to give up hope and we start to feel very sorry for him and then just as all hope is gone, lassie comes to his rescue, we now see that he saved and is going to get home safely as he has been found. Just as soon as we feel relief that he has been found, there poses as even bigger problem, instead of one person being lost, there are two – the suspense is deepened even further than before. As the two try to find their way home, it is apparent that they are not going to get home and could die out there. All of this creates suspense and makes the reader want to read on to see if the pair gets home all right. The suspense reaches it climax near the end of the story. When the narrator determined to sleep and doesn’t care if he dies. When the pair realise that they can go no further, they stop as a last resort – they know that they are going to die and sent lassie back to get help. The suspense is mounted to see whether or not lassie can get back to the ranch before the pair die of the cold. Then the narrator ‘fell asleep’. We think is the end, he has fallen asleep he will die. But then a sense of relief comes over us when we find that the narrator has been found just time and survives, but Gregory is not so lucky. Through out the story â€Å"The Half Brothers† Gaskell evokes and manipulates many of our feelings. But some readers, including myself find that some of the story mawkish and trying to push at our emotional buttons in an unsophisticated way. Gaskell style of writing helps to manipulate our feelings. The way she portrays Helen’s and Gregory’s lives makes us feel a lot of sympathy towards them but we admire the way they put up with everything without complaining. She creates a character, which seems to be the bad guy of the story and evokes complex feelings for him from us. Some readers including myself may find that Preston is an horrid man and continue to think the same even when Gaskell tries to soften his image by saying that he has become ‘humanised’, but others may feel that he is a good man at heart and this is portrayed at the end of the story when he is deeply regretful. Gaskell is very good at creating suspense and makes us worried about the characters and makes us want to read on. So overall Gaskell is very good at manipulating our feelings.

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country

Introduction of the Company : Sainsburys is the third largest chain of super markets in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1869 and has been growing all over the United Kingdom ever since, and today operates over 1000 super markets and convenience stores and employees over 150,000 employees and captures more than 16% of the market share. It is also listed on the London Stock Exchange and is the constituent of the FTSE 100 index.Sainsburys not only provides products to its customers but also services to some extent. The products and services offered by Sainsburys have a wide range from food and drinks to energy providing, clothing to insurance, appliances to banking facilities. Sainsburys has been a growing entity at a growing rate. Though TESCO has overtaken Sainsburys to become the market leader and has expanded not only in United Kingdom but also outside the United Kingdom such as Europe, Asia and North America.Since TESCO has always been a strong competitor of Sainsburys so Sai nsburys also has this intention to expand outside United Kingdom, too. It is necessary for a firm or company to carry out a PEST analysis either as a new entrant or to exist and survive in the market to keep it’s self updated with the influence of the macro environmental factors. Introduction of PEST Analysis : PEST analysis stands for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological analysis†. PEST Analysis focuses on analysing the macro-environment in which a business or a firm operates.Each of these factors play a vital role in the overall business environment and one should consider these factors and have vital knowledge of them as they can either make you a success story or may end up shutting down the business. Political factors refer to the economic policy given by the government and the government intervention the economy. This includes areas such as tax policy, labour, law, tarrif and trade restrictions. Political stability is also quite important for the e conomic growth. While, governments have great influence on health, education and infrastructure of the nation.Interest rate, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation and the exchange rates are the important economic factors. These factors play a vital role in a firm’s business strategy and decision making. Every country has it’s own culture and the nation has a strong impact on their living. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, language, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes.Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company's products and how that company operates. For example, the roles of men and women in the society. Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends Technological  factors have vital place in PEST analysis. Some markets are labour intensive an d some are capital intensive. Technological factors determine  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions.It is one of the major drivers of globalization and is the base for competitive advantage. Innovation is offered to the customers or consumers through technology for example internet banking, smart phones etc. It also enables the firm to produce a product cheaply and to a better quality in standard. Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world with over 180 million people. It is estimated that the 25% of the population belongs to the middle income class. It is also estimated that 55% of the Pakistani population is in the 10-40 years age bracket.The upper middle-income class is estimated at 17 million with relatively high per capita income which favours more consumer spending. The average Pakistani consumer spends 42% of his income on food related products. The upcoming changes in demographic will create opportun ities and challenges for businesses in Pakistan. Pakistan’s food retail sector is unorganised and highly dominated by independent small stores. Over the past few years, some large European food retailers have opened stores in all major Pakistani metropolitan cities like Makro, Metro and Carrefour (Hyper star).Pakistani families are attracted towards these stores due to their strategic location, multiple product range and imported processed food. Studies also show that there has been a significant shift to organized format of shopping from traditional format, in urban areas. This provides a challenging and profitable opportunity to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys provides convenient shopping under one roof, has wide range of products, consumer friendly environment, large storage and discounted prices.These factors give Sainsburys an advantage over other food retailers currently present in Pakistan. If Sainsburys decides to enter in food retail sector then it has to perform a PEST analysis. PEST Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan : Political Factors : The political factors revolve around the current government in a country. Currently, in Pakistan, the ruling party is Pakistan People’s Party which was democratically elected in 2008. Though it is backed by western powers but still is considered to be a weak government.The basic questions arise such as how stable is the political or is there any government intervention in the economic policy making or laws and legislation protecting the businesses. Unfortunately, due to weak governments in the past, the security and corruption has been the key issues Pakistan has been facing over the the last decade. Which certainly is not a good sign for any foreign investors. However, giants in food-retail sectors like Metro and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set an example with an increasing growth in profit and expansion even in such circumstances.Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market wit h it’s variety of products which are available under one roof, as the increasing trend in urban areas shows, there will be high demand for it. Political factors may also include the goods and services which the governments want to provide or be provided. Sainsburys collects much of it’s revenue by selling it’s wide range of wines and spirits. Pakistani law prohibits the sale or consumption of any type of wines and spirits within its geographical boundaries, Sainsburys will not be allowed to sell it in their stores which may negatively affect their sales.Government of Pakistan ensures that there is foreign investment in Pakistan and it has signed a few trade agreements too. It also provides foreign investors the incentives to invest here. Partial ownership by the Pakistan government usually serves as an insurance policy for the share holders and the investors. Economic Factors: Extremely volatile oil prices are the root cause of global financial crisis in Pakista n which has also worsened the energy crisis. These two factors increase the cost of production.High inflation is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce much of it’s products in stores so they may go beyond their feasible region in producing a product. Interest rates are at their peak, economic growth is quite slow and this is due to the low level of lending and purchasing power of the consumer is weak. Though it is a labour intensive country and labour supply is quite high and also available at low cost than most other countries but unemployment is rising regardless of the above mentioned fact. The gap between rich and poor continues to expand and the percentage of poor is increasing everyday.However relatively quite cheaper labour may do a significant impact in Sainsburys production. It will also bring employment opportunities for young and skilled labour. Heavy loans from financial institutions like IMF and world bank has made the government in debt upto neck and there are no significant changes in sight. However financial aid packages in the name of war on terror and from the friends of Pakistan has kept the economy from collapsing. Pakistan has integrated with global economy and has brought positive impact on economy with increase in GDP.Despite of the worse conditions, Investing in such a country where cheap labour is available and more than half of the country’s population lies in the labour force, targeting middle-income class-keeping the fact in mind that government provides support to private investors would not be a bad decision. Social Factors : The culture and religion are very close to each other in Pakistan. As mentioned above this will affect the sales of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it is not only prohibited by the dominant religion and prohibited by law but the targeted class does not accept it too.Health and Education are the two important sectors for any developing nations and Pakistan lack both of them and governmen t of Pakistan fails to allocate the required budget in both the sectors. However, people like to shop and come with families to the big retail stores. There has been a significant shift from traditional to organized format. The studies show that 11% of the population tend to buy long life food related products in advance for a month. Sainsburys provides a healthy and safe environment to work with,which for a change would attract the people to work and shop here.In comparison to the past, women have also started to contribute in the labor force. Language will be a barrier for the citizens of Pakistan as english is not the first language in Pakistan. Buying imported products is considered a status symbol in Pakistan so there is a high demand for foreign products in Pakistan and is appreciated in the local market. According to studies people spend 42% of their income on food related products. So there will be high demand for a food related products provided by Sainsburys. Technological Factors :Technological expertise is overflowed in Pakistan as the labour supply and demand for IT professionals is high. There has been an improvement in the industrial sector but still the country’s imports are higher than exports. Since it is a labour intensive area and not capital intensive so use of technology higher the cost of production but shift to focus more on labour may help Sainsburys to produce it’s products relatively cheaper. There is also a trend of buying products online seen. Sainsburys already provides the service of buying it’s products online which saves much time so the typical â€Å"9-5† workforce can also be targeted.

TERRORISM INCORPORATED Essay

TERRORISM INCORPORATED Essay TERRORISM INCORPORATED Essay LASHKAR-E-TAIBA: A THREAT TO U.S. SECURITY Professor Jesse Webster HLSS320 Richard Heubach 4314751 INTRODUCTION Since the September 11th terrorist attacks on the United States, the U.S. government has taken considerable steps to ensure a similar attack cannot happen again. In guarding its citizens against the threat of terrorism from abroad and within, a prominent question of concern should be, ‘which organization could have the means and capabilities to pose a serious threat to the U.S’ current and future homeland security posture’? The organization would undoubtedly have to be well equipped, funded, have tactical and technical training, access to weapons, and an extreme ideology. Amongst the dozens of terror groups that aim to upset the interests of the U.S, there is one that stands out and meets the above criteria, the Lashkar-e-Taiba. History The Laskkar-e-Taiba, henceforth regarded to as the LeT, has a very strong foundation and extremely organized structure. The LeT can be traced back to 1985 as a small group called Jamaat-ud-Pawa; this group was dedicated to promoting an Ahl-e-Hadith version of Islam (Tankel 2011, 2). One year later, in 1986, Jamaat-ud-Pawa merged with an anti-Soviet jihadist group and continued to grow until 1990, where in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan, the LeT was officially formed (Tankel 2011, 3). Structure The founding members of the LeT are Hafez Saeed, Abdullah Azzam - who was bin Laden’s first mentor, and Zafar Iqbal (Tankel 2011, 3). The LeT was supported and trained in its early years by members of Pakistan’s Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate (ISI), and has a very organized, military style chain of command (Tankel 2011, 4). Saeed, the Supreme Commander, is the head of the organization. Reporting to Saeed is a Deputy Supreme Commander and the Chief of Operations Commander. The Chief of Operations also oversees the Outfit Spokesman and the International Media Officer (SATP 2001). Next in the chain of command are two division commanders, the North Division and Central Division. Reporting to them is the Deputy Supreme Commander, who oversees three Area Deputy Commanders; the three areas consist of Bandipora, Lolab, and Sogam. Next are three area division commanders who oversee the areas of Baramulla, Handwara, and Budgam (SATP 2001). It should also be known that Saeed’s son, Talha, is the overseer of operations at the primary base camp, while Saeed’s son in law is the overseer of the Lahore office (SATP 2001). Considering the complexity and organization of the LeT’s structure, it is reasonable to conclude the group is well maintained and has some degree of discipline based on a military style template. Training The complex and large command structure of the LeT is proportional to the organization’s area of operation. The LeT’s primary headquarters is located in Muridke, near Lahore, in the Punjab Province of Pakistan (SATP 2001). The headquarters itself is over 200 acres and houses a seminary, hospital, market, residential area for ‘scholars’, a fish farm, and vast agricultural tracts (SATP 2001). The LeT hosts several training camps, a majority of which are located in Pakistan administered Kashmir; the headquarters in Muridke serves as a training ground for the organization’s ideological instruction (SATP 2001). Within several tribal areas of Pakistan, the LeT conducts the Daura Khaas, a weaponry and advanced combat skills training course (Swami 2008). It is also important to note that throughout the region, the LeT operates sixteen Islamic Institutions, 135 secondary schools, an ambulance service, mobile clinics, and blood banks (SATP 2001). The LeT provides both its militants and religious scholars with rigorous training courses. Militants are subjected to a two month course in the instruction and use of the AK series assault rifle, large machine guns, various hand guns, rocket launchers, and hand grenades (SATP 2 001).

3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes

3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes 3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes 3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, dashes are erroneously employed, resulted in confused sentences. Discussion following each example explains the problem, and one or more revisions illustrate solutions. 1. When driving long distances- know that children get restless. A dash is not applicable when one clause naturally follows another. â€Å"Know that children get restless† does not abruptly break from the subordinate clause that precedes it, so a comma suffices here: â€Å"When driving long distances, know that children get restless.† 2. Few banks can afford their customer experiences to plateau for long before customers with ever-increasing expectations choose to do business with a competitor- or worse- with a disruptive market entrant. â€Å"Or worse† is treated here as a parenthetical phrase but is not intended as one. Because what follows the first dash signals a syntactical break, only that first dash is called for. In addition, because worse, on its own, is parenthetical to the phrase â€Å"or with a disruptive market tenant,† it should be bracketed by punctuation, but two mere commas suffice (and a pair of dashes would confuse in proximity to the preceding one): â€Å"Few banks can afford their customer experiences to plateau for long before customers with ever-increasing expectations choose to do business with a competitor- or, worse, with a disruptive market entrant.† 3. Some features predicted in this article- like seat belts- became ubiquitous, while others- like braking distance indicated on speedometers- never caught on. As mentioned in the discussion for the previous example, employing one or two dashes more than once in a given sentence can be confusing, as readers see several phrases separated by the dashes with no indication of syntactical hierarchy, so avoid doing so: â€Å"Some features predicted in this article, like seat belts, became ubiquitous, while others, like braking distance indicated on speedometers, never caught on.† If two complementary phrases, such as those specifying examples in the original sentence, are going to be used parenthetically, the pairs of punctuation marks must be identical to indicate their equivalence. However, in this case, because a comma already exists in the sentence, the sentence organization is still muddled (and the statement is crowded with commas), so it is more helpful to the reader to frame the two examples in parentheses: â€Å"Some features predicted in this article (like seat belts) became ubiquitous, while others (like braking distance indicated on speedometers) never caught on.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Shore It Up

Biology questions with citations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Biology questions with citations - Essay Example ed causing nutritional deficiencies; secondly, cystic fibrosis may cause a form of intestinal blockage known as meconium ileus in babies born with the disease (Genetics Home Reference); thirdly, thick mucous may block the bile ducts in the liver causing swelling, inflammation and eventually, cirrhosis; and lastly, the thick secretions may block the gall bladder. These digestive problems may also cause a variety of nutritional problems including anemia, rickets, bleeding disorders and even diabetes (Cedars-Sinai). The reproductive system is also not spared from the deadly effects of cystic fibrosis. In men, the mucous blocks the vas deferens, or the tubes that carry sperm (Genetics Home Reference), thus causing sterility in about 95% of the men (Cedars-Sinai). An endoscope is an optical instrument with a camera at the end and is inserted into the urethra, mouth, anus or a surgical cut in order to get a closer look at the internal organs such as the throat, esophagus, lungs, bladder, ovaries, or colon (MedlinePlus). Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors that are believed to increase one’s chances of having a heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Besides abdominal fat, four other problems associated with metabolic syndrome include damage to the lining of the coronary artery and other arteries, thus greatly increasing the risk of heart disease of stroke; an increased incidence of blood clot formation causing arterial blockage and eventually causing heart attacks and strokes; changes in the efficiency of the kidney in removing salt, causing high blood pressure; and a reduction in the production of insulin, thus signaling the start of type 2 diabetes (Cleveland Clinic). Besides abdominal fat, two other factors believed to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, according to the WHO, include high insulin levels, which refer to elevated post meal glucose or elevated fasting blood glucose (Medicine.net); and HDL level of less than 40 mg/dl for men or below 50